Reducing Radiation Exposure in Computed Tomography Angiography Dissertation

Reducing Radiation Exposure in Computed Tomography Angiography - Dissertation Example In the last twenty years, the diagnostic use of computed tomography scans has increased by a thousand percent. These scans do, obviously, make use of ionizing radiation to produce their images, which can be harmful to human health in even small dosages. Protecting the patient from harm is the cornerstone of the profession of radiology, and reducing radiation exposure while maintaining a high level of image quality and therefore diagnostic ability is vital. Key to this goal is understanding the use of computed tomography scans, the risks of their radiological effects, and the methods available to reduce exposure. Reducing exposure to radiation is the only way to make this important technology safer. The use of a computed tomography angiography scan allows the practitioner to view a patient's coronary arteries, their level of function, and even the quality of the arterial lumen. Computed tomography angiography scans are important to study when looking at radiation dosage because the scan area by definition includes such radiosensitive areas as the thyroid, the vascular tissue of the breasts, and of course the coronary arteries. Moving even further into imaging specialization for viewing the heart and related tissues is the technique of retrospective image acquisition, which produces images using 64-multi-row detector computed tomography angiography. This method scans the heart in overlapping slices, which allows it to show cardiac motion as well as all parts of the cardiac cycle.

Got Milk Essay Example for Free

Got Milk Essay Got Milk? Well, Austin Powers, Tracy McGrady, Serena Williams, Britney Spears, and even Elvis all do. But, do they know what they are selling in this Got Milk? Advertisements? The Got Milk? campaign was based on a milk deprivation strategy that reminded consumers how inconvenient it was to be without milk. The advertisement made milk a very popular drink because of its attractiveness not because of the nutrients and health issues. It has been believed by many that milk is needed to have a strong and healthy body, when actually milk can be extremely harmful and the nutrients needed for a good body can be found in many other sources. Statistics show that milk consumption is on the rise in the United States since the Got Milk? campaign was launched. In 1993, 58. 1 billion pounds of milk was consumed. It had risen to 59. 5 billion pounds by 2002, an increase of 1. 4 billion pounds (ERS, Animal Products Branch). Another factor causing the milk industry to grow is dairy farmers. They risk the collapse of their industry if the population does not consume enough milk. So, of course, the farmers are pushing us to drink not just one glass, but two and three glasses of milk a day. Their main priority is to make money by getting us to drink milk as much as possible, not to inform us that milk may not be all that healthy because we are not aware of the risks, we tip our glasses and drink up. Milk is not as nutritionally essential as it is portrayed, but rather it is harmful to our bodies. Heart disease is Americas number-one killer. The main causes of this disease have been believed to be such things as smoking, stress, and even lack of companionship. However, according to an article in Earth Island Journal, milk consumption is probably the number one cause of heart disease. By the time the average American turns fifty-two, he or she will have consumed in milk and dairy products the same amount of cholesterol contained in one million slices of bacon ( ?  °Milk: The Deadly Poison?  ±). Dairy products are the most instant source of saturated fat. Saturated fat increases cholesterol production in the liver. This leads to the formation of fatty deposits in the arteries which increase one s risk of heart attack and stroke (?  °The Case against Dairy?  ±). The high levels of saturated fat and cholesterol found in milk intensify your chances of bypass surgery, which would put a fifty-thousand dollar dent in your wallet. Another problem that is not well known, are the harsh chemicals, antibiotics and hormones that may be found in milk and dairy products. Most of America  dairy cows have leukemia virus and after they graze in fields with pesticides their milk contains a mixture of lethal chemicals (?  °Milk: The Deadly Poison?  ±). Equally as important are the hormones and antibiotics dairy farmers inject into their cows. One hormone, known as recombinant bovine growth hormone, or rBGH, is injected into many cows to increase milk production. There is evidence that rBGH assists the growth of tumors in lab animals and it stimulates another hormone closely connected with breast cancer (?  °The Case against Dairy?  ±). Also, farmers are permitted to give antibiotics to their cows to fight various diseases. Milk and dairy products contain traces of the antibiotic that are passed on to us. Exposure to such toxins breed strains of bacteria that are immune to even the strongest medicine (?  °The Case against Dairy?  ±). Most of us do not realize the number of people that are lactose intolerant. Worldwide estimates suggest that two-thirds of the population have trouble digesting milk because of lactose intolerance. According to Teacher Magazine, minorities may have difficulty digesting a sugar in milk known as lactose. An estimated ninety percent of Asian Americans, seventy percent of African Americans and Native Americans, fifty percent of Hispanics, and fifteen percent of Caucasians are lactose intolerant. Hand in hand with lactose intolerance are the proteins in milk that can lead to allergies. Dr. Attwood, an author of many well known parenting books, says ?  °. . . there are more than twenty-five proteins in milk that can lead to allergies. Approximately seven out of ten patients I see have allergies with symptoms ranging from recurrent ear infection, asthma, and various upper respiratory infections. In most cases the patient improves when taken off dairy products.?  ± (Attwood-2) Milk s main nutrient is calcium, but there are many other foods that can replace milk in order to attain that calcium. According to an article in Harvard Health Journal, many vegetables are good sources of calcium. A cup of frozen spinach actually contains just as much calcium as a glass of milk. There is also calcium fortification in such things as orange juice and even waffles. Fruits, whole grains, soy products, and nuts also are great sources of calcium. They supply it in a form that is easier for the body to absorb and use. If the foods mentioned above do not satisfy your tastes, calcium supplements are also available. They are free of saturated fat and added calories you would get from milk and dairy products. There is also a great variety of milks that each contain similar nutrients, yet vary in other aspects. These alternatives include whole milk, 1%, 2%, fat free, evaporated, flavored, Acidophilus Milk, UHT Milk, organic, lactaid, lacteeze, buttermilk, and homogenized. When dealing with children, people say that drinking organic milk not only minimizes their potential exposure to toxic chemicals located in regular milk, but it also creates a healthier world in general. Organic farming has much less negative impact on the environment, which involves cleaner water, healthier soil, and less dangerous chemicals in the world. Not only does this have a positive impact on people s bodies, it also contributes to the restoration of the environment in general. The saturated fat that is in milk and many other products is bad for most people, especially if you don t have some sort of workout plan. As for me I am told to drink milk to gain muscle, because it is the easiest protein for your body to take in. With all of the physical activities that I do being on the Penn State Football Team, I will have less of a risk of having heart problems than people who do not participate in physical activity. That is why it is very important to get the right amount of exercise in order to burn the excess calories from the saturated fat that is contained in regular milk. Even with all of the exercise in the world, there are still problems that can not be taken care of by the consumer. The only way to be sure that you are not going to have physical problems because of milk is to refrain from drinking regular, whole milk and to drink liquids that contain the healthier calcium and protein that milk in known for. If you are a milk drinker, I encourage you to take a long hard look at all the risks involved with consuming this product. It could prevent you from having heart disease or other ailments associated with milk. So next time you see an advertisement for ?  °Got Milk  ± as yourself, ?  °Got Something Else  ±

Life of a Sensuous Woman and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Essay

Ihara Saikaku’s Life of a Sensuous Woman written in the 17th century and Mary Woolstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman written in the 18th century are powerful literary works that advocated feminism during the time when women were oppressed members of our societies. These two works have a century old age difference and the authors of both works have made a distinctive attempt to shed a light towards the issues that nobody considered significant during that time. Despite these differences between the two texts, they both skillfully manage to present revolutionary ways women can liberate themselves from oppression laden upon them by the society since the beginning of humanity. In Saikaku’s story Life of a Sensuous Woman, he uses his main character an Old Woman’s story to show how women can be as competent as men if they use their knowledge and experience in a right way. The two men who came to hear the old woman’s story and ask her to help them understand more about life indicates that women do possess the ability to be intellectual and use their knowledge to guide others (Saikaku 594). It is clear that how valuable the old woman’s opinion was to those two men that they came to seek her guidance instead of going to a man. The whole idea of men seeking guidance from a woman during the 17th century is revolutionary. One can comprehend that women are capable of using their knowledge and experience to lead the way to others including men thus becoming a vital member of society. Empowering women continues as the Old Women’s story progresses where Saikaku articulately shows how women can fulfill their own desire and not give into what men expect of them. Old Woman’s young self choosing the exceptional letter writer samu... ...together as equal members of society. Even though the progress has been massive in developed nations, there are still parts of the world that are centuries behind when it comes to women liberation. Therefore, now it is in the hands of liberated ones to pull those who are still living under the cave of oppression and show them the light of liberation. Works Cited Puchner, Martin. Mary Wollstonecraft. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. 3rd Ed. Volume D. Ed. Martin Puchner. New York: Norton, 2013. 133. Print. Saikaku, Ihara. Life of a Sensuous Woman. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. 3rd Ed. Volume D. Ed. Martin Puchner. New York: Norton, 2013. 591-611. Print. Woolstoncraft, Mary. A Vindication of The Rights of Woman. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. 3rd Ed. Volume D. Ed. Martin Puchner. New York: Norton, 2013. 134-136. Print.

because I like them but just because these products are advertised. :: essays papers

How does media influence the male and female body Media is the most important factor that influences us on how we view our body’s image. Throughout time, we saw how many famous singers and actors were role models for our society. It is an unpleasant fact, that we see these perfect figures as our role models, and struggle to have a perfect body as they do. Advertisements also show models that have perfect figures and they use these models to sell products that unfortunately damage our bodies. We take every necessary action to achieve that goal of having a perfect body. Personally, the media also influences me and I buy certain products, not because I like them but just because these products are advertised. Initially, many famous singers and actors have perfect figures and as they appear in the society, they show us that this is how we should look. For example, if I see a singer or an actor on TV or in a magazine, I look at them and then I start comparing my body to theirs. I feel like I need to change my body and wear clothes that the celebrities are wearing, so I could become more like them. Moreover, when I see myself in the mirror, I get a negative view of myself and I start feeling very uncomfortable about the way I look. Luckily, I do not go too far to change my body but there are people who take drugs, change their eating habits, or even go through painful surgeries to change their body. If we present our society with actors and singers who are more like an average person then we might save many men from taking certain drugs and women from getting breast implants. Advertisements also influence our society on how we view ourselves. We see so many advertisements where models are smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages. All of these advertisements presented to adults and children are spreading a negative message; these advertisements are proving that smoking and drinking is all right for our bodies. None of these advertisements expose how these products will damage our bodies. These advertisements do not care about our health; they are more concerned about their profits. Many teenagers start smoking because of these advertisements and most of them keep smoking until the day this poison kills them.

Sci/256 Environmental Pollution Outline

Environmental Pollution Outline Jason D Windham SCI/256 November-26-2012 University Of Phoenix Environmental Pollution Outline Water management- developing various plans to maintain the present and future water demands. It also may include importing state water, developing new resources, using reclaimed water, and managing existing supplies more cautiously. Describe water management and use. Freshwater sources- Is water from the earth surface using glaciers, bogs, ice caps, ponds, lakes, streams and rivers Water supply problems-The demand for water increases yearly.Water conservation-The carful use and protection of the water supply. Water use-Off stream is water used from its source such as rivers and stream. Then you have Consumptive using which is the use from off stream by plants and animals. Next there is the in-stream usage which is the use of rivers for navigation, hydroelectric power generation, fish and animal habitats and also recreation. Effects of water use and management practices on the environment Short-term effects- Long-term effects- It’s really is a major concern due to climate change of the earth it can be uncertain.Three major types of environmental pollution- Water pollution , Air Pollution, Land Pollution Identify type one. Causes Treatments Effects on ecosystem health Effects on human health Identify type two. Causes Treatments Effects on ecosystem health Effects on human health Identify type three. Causes Treatments Effects on ecosystem health Effects on human health Global warming Background Describe the Earth’s atmosphere. Describe the Earth’s energy budget. Global warming concepts What makes the Earth warm? – Explain the greenhouse effect. What natural greenhouse gases are associated with the greenhouse effect?What anthropogenic greenhouse gases contribute to global warming? The future Predicted climate, weather, and ocean changes of increased global warming Potential environmental, ecological, and societal effects from increased global warming Evidence that supports or refutes increased global warming predictions and effects Prevention How might global warming be mitigated? What can you do to decrease the effects of global warming? What political constraints might influence decisions on global warming? As a global society, how can nations and individuals influence policies and practices to mitigate for increased global warming?

Free Essays on Baxters Snow

Russell probably never cared so much about his looks until now, â€Å"Twelve years old, and I was so bored I was combing my hair just for the hell of it . . . I held the comb under the tap and then stared into the bathroom mirror as I raked the wave at the front of my scalp upward so that I would look casual and sharp and perfect† (Snow, 41). Russell is in a pre-adolescent period, a time where he experiences many different aspects of manhood. Snow can be looked at in life as pure, innocence, cold, fuzzy like the television reception and even dangerous. Here in Snow, Charles Baxter focuses on his intimate part of his pre-adolescents through different metaphors of snow. Russell’s snow is pure, innocent and cold. Russell and his brother have just decided that they are going to look at a car that a few days prior had fallen into the ice. He lies to his parents, ‘We’re driving to Navarre, I said. ‘Ben had to get his skates sharpened. My stepfather’s eyebrows started to go up; exchanged a glance with my mother-the usual pantomime of skepticism.’ When Ben asked what Russell told their parents, he was not pleased. Obviously Russell is not conniving and manipulated as his older brother. Russell’s experience with girls has been slim to none. His views of dating are extremely standard. Before Russell and his brother go off to the lake, Ben goes to pick up his girlfriend Stephanie. â€Å"How come we’re getting her?† â€Å"Because she wants to see it. She’s never seen a car underneath ice before. She’ll be impressed.† â€Å"Does she know we’re coming?† He gave me that look again. â€Å"What do they teach you at that school you go to? Of course she knows. We have a date.† â€Å"A date? It’s three o’ clock in the afternoon. Besides, I’m along† (Snow,43). Like snow, Russell shows great innocence. Through his innocence he would not take a girl out on a date in mid afternoon and have a younger brother tag along. He... Free Essays on Baxter's Snow Free Essays on Baxter's Snow Russell probably never cared so much about his looks until now, â€Å"Twelve years old, and I was so bored I was combing my hair just for the hell of it . . . I held the comb under the tap and then stared into the bathroom mirror as I raked the wave at the front of my scalp upward so that I would look casual and sharp and perfect† (Snow, 41). Russell is in a pre-adolescent period, a time where he experiences many different aspects of manhood. Snow can be looked at in life as pure, innocence, cold, fuzzy like the television reception and even dangerous. Here in Snow, Charles Baxter focuses on his intimate part of his pre-adolescents through different metaphors of snow. Russell’s snow is pure, innocent and cold. Russell and his brother have just decided that they are going to look at a car that a few days prior had fallen into the ice. He lies to his parents, ‘We’re driving to Navarre, I said. ‘Ben had to get his skates sharpened. My stepfather’s eyebrows started to go up; exchanged a glance with my mother-the usual pantomime of skepticism.’ When Ben asked what Russell told their parents, he was not pleased. Obviously Russell is not conniving and manipulated as his older brother. Russell’s experience with girls has been slim to none. His views of dating are extremely standard. Before Russell and his brother go off to the lake, Ben goes to pick up his girlfriend Stephanie. â€Å"How come we’re getting her?† â€Å"Because she wants to see it. She’s never seen a car underneath ice before. She’ll be impressed.† â€Å"Does she know we’re coming?† He gave me that look again. â€Å"What do they teach you at that school you go to? Of course she knows. We have a date.† â€Å"A date? It’s three o’ clock in the afternoon. Besides, I’m along† (Snow,43). Like snow, Russell shows great innocence. Through his innocence he would not take a girl out on a date in mid afternoon and have a younger brother tag along. He...

Single-Displacement Reaction Definition and Examples

Singles The four main types of chemical reactions are synthesis reactions, decomposition reactions, single-displacement reactions, and double-displacement reactions. Single-Displacement Reaction  Definition A single-displacement reaction is a chemical reaction where one reactant is exchanged for one ion of a second reactant. It is also known as a single-replacement reaction. Single displacement reactions take the form: A BC → B AC Singles The reaction between zinc metal and hydrochloric acid to produce zinc chloride and hydrogen gas is an example of a single-displacement reaction: Zn(s) 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) H2(g) Another example is the displacement of iron from an iron(II) oxide solution using coke as a carbon source: 2 Fe2O3  (s) 3 C (s)  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  Fe(s)   CO2  (g) Recognizing a Single-Displacement Reaction When you look at the chemical equation for a reaction, a single-displacement reaction is characterized by one cation or anion trading places with another to form a new product. Its easy to spot when one of the reactants is an element and the other is a compound. Usually, when two compounds react, both cations or both anions will change partners, producing a double-displacement reaction. You can predict whether a single-displacement reaction will occur by comparing the reactivity of an element using an activity series table. In general, a metal can displace any metal lower in the activity series (cations). The same rule applies to halogens (anions).

Lady Macbeth Character Analysis

Lady Macbeth Character Analysis Lady Macbeth is one of Shakespeare’s most infamous female characters. Cunning and ambitious, Lady Macbeth is a major protagonist in the play, encouraging and helping Macbeth to carry out his bloody quest to become king. Without Lady Macbeth, her husband might never have ventured down the murderous path that leads to their ultimate downfall.   In many respects, Lady Macbeth is more ambitious and power-hungry than her husband, going so far as to call his manhood into question when he has second thoughts about committing murder.   Sexism in 'Macbeth' Along with being Shakespeares bloodiest play, Macbeth is also the one with the greatest number of outright evil female characters. Chief among them are the three witches who predict Macbeth will be king and set the plays action into motion.   Then, theres Lady Macbeth herself. It was unusual in Shakespeares day for a female character to be so boldly ambitious and manipulative as Lady Macbeth. Shes unable to take action herself, perhaps because of the social constraints of the time, and must persuade her husband to go along with her evil plans. Masculinity is defined in the play by ambition and power, two qualities that Lady Macbeth possesses in abundance. By constructing the character in this way, Shakespeare challenges our preconceived views of masculinity and femininity. But what exactly was Shakespeare suggesting? On one hand, it was a radical idea to present a dominant female character. But on the other hand, Lady Macbeth is presented negatively and ends up killing herself after experiencing what appears to be a crisis of conscience.   Lady Macbeth Character Description and Guilt Lady Macbeth’s sense of remorse soon overwhelms her. She has nightmares and in one famous scene (Act 5, Scene 1), appears to try to wash from her hands the blood she imagines has been left behind by the murders. Doctor:What is it she does now? Look how she rubs her hands.Gentlewoman:It is an accustomd action with her, to seem thuswashing her hands. I have known her continue in this a quarter ofan hour.Lady Macbeth:Yet heres a spot.Doctor:Hark, she speaks. I will set down what comes from her, tosatisfy my remembrance the more strongly.Lady Macbeth:Out, damnd spot! out, I say! - One; two: why, thentis time to dot. - Hell is murky. - Fie, my lord, fie, a soldier, andafeard? What need we fear who knows it, when none can call ourpowr to accompt? - Yet who would have thought the old man tohave had so much blood in him? By the end of Lady Macbeths life, guilt has replaced her incredible ambition in equal measure. We are led to believe that her guilt ultimately leads to her suicide. Lady Macbeth is, therefore, a victim of her own ambition - and also possibly of her sex. As a woman  in Shakespeares world, she is not resilient enough to deal with such strong emotions, whereas Macbeth fights on to the very end despite his misgivings.   The treacherous Lady Macbeth both defies and defines what it means to be a female villain in a Shakespeare play.

The role of the CIA in the government of Cheddi Jagan (1950-1960) Essay

The role of the CIA in the government of Cheddi Jagan (1950-1960) - Essay Example nt review whereby the area of specialization has widened as a result of the passing of various acts as well as creation of more powerful offices within its administrative structure thereby making it one of the most important security organs in the US. In its history, the agency has been noted to have interfered with several democratic processes in foreign countries such as British Guiana, Chile etc (Weiner 2007 p 51). This essay is a critical evaluation of the CIA’s role in the government of Cheddi Jagan between the years 1950 and 1960. Cheddi Jagan is a renowned politician in the history of the former British Guyana, which later changed its name to Guiana. He is remembered for driving his country to independence through a long struggle, which took him with the support of his wife, American born Janet Jagan both of whom acquired the seat of the president in the country, approximately 28 years to accomplish (Mars 2004 p 16). Born on March 22, 1918, Cheddi Jagan grew up to be a well educated man and ventured into the career of dental medicine after which he transformed into a champion for human rights especially after joining and taking over as the leader of the sugar, rice and wood worker’s union after which he was elected to the national assembly. This gave him the opportunity to address the issues which he felt were against the welfare of the common man and in order to be in a better position to express his views as well as to serve his people he and his wife formed the People’s Progressive Party in 1947 (Mars 2004 p 22). This enabled him to bargain for higher positions in the government and in 1950 he was appointed to the cabinet as chief minister. Even though he had his people’s interests at heart, Cheddi Jagan had a sour relationship with the US due to the fact that he seemed to be more bent towards Marxism and Leninism way of thinking (Rabe 2005 p 47). His coming back to power after a six months imprisonment saw him acquire the portfolio of prime

How inmates cope with negative factors of prison life Research Paper

How inmates cope with negative factors of prison life - Research Paper Example Here, the convict is kept in isolation from all sources of the external world and all aspects that might have motivated his/here to commit the crime. Going by the unpleasantness seen in the prison life along with its negative social stigma that is associated with incarceration, prison life should serve in the form of a deterrent for any criminal behavior. Prison inmates can face both financial and social problems (Nilsson, 2003, p.59). Psychological symptoms can include prolonged psychosis, severe depression, endless anxiety, and a complete form of social withdrawal. One particular feature associated with prison life is recidivism (Nilsson, 2003, p.60). It has been stated that the group who re-offended faced marginalization ‘marginalization’, i.e., a continued form of social as well as financial exclusion, while the individual who did not re-offend experienced inclusion or ‘normalization’, that provided an improved living conditions and removal from being â €Å"the margins of society† (Nilsson, 2003, p.60). Thus, the thesis statement can be constructed as: Prison inmates develop different form of survival strategies to cope with the harsh conditions of incarceration. Negative impacts in the convicts due to prison life As mentioned earlier there are many psychological, physical and social effects that a life in prison can make on the prisoner. One such feature is the punishment of solitary confinement. The effects of solitary confinement can be understood by the words of Johnny Tremont who was an inmate at New York prison. According to him â€Å"there’s more of a difference between being in solitary confinement and being in general population than there is between being in prison and being in the free world.† In general population, he says, â€Å"you do your programming, go to meals, talk to people, and you can still manage to feel like a human being.† In the Box, â€Å"you’re like an animal in a cage .† (Casella and Ridgeway, 2012, p.20). Further it was stated by Bonnie Kerness, who was the head of the American Friends Service Committee’s Prison Watch Project, â€Å"We call it ‘no-touch torture,’†. â€Å"No one who has ever experienced more than the briefest time in solitary would call it anything else, because it was designed to destroy the mind and break the spirit.† (Casella and Ridgeway, 2012, p.20). This aspect of negative impacts becomes particularly harmful for the aged convicts and the female prisoners. The older inmates usually are found in worse health than the female counterparts who are not convicted as these convicted female individuals are seen to develop health related issues pretty much earlier of their previous lifestyle, the socioeconomic factors and the harshness of the prison environment (Deaton & Aday, 2009, p.53). Co-morbidity is a form of physical condition common among these aging prisoners who develop on an average three types of chronic diseases which can be asthma, emphysema or arthritis (Deaton & Aday, 2009, p.53). Older female inmates require medical attention more than the other inmate groups (Deaton & Aday, 2009, p .53). The older female inmates face difficulty in coping with the harsh prison environment as they have a fragile mental and physical condition (Deaton & Aday, 2009, p.61). Other women are found to be often sad, depressed or respond with crying unconditionally (Deaton & Aday, 2009, p.61).There was many negative sentiments in the female prison

Contemporary Social Policy and the Welfare of Children and their Essay

Contemporary Social Policy and the Welfare of Children and their Families in the UK - Essay Example Hence, just like in the past, according to Hodgson and Spours (1999), present-day ‘childhoods’ and contemporary children are marked by a political aspect. The history of child welfare policies in the UK can be described in terms of a steady and restricted intrusion into the family as a reaction to a nation’s evolving needs and perceptions. The acceptance of particular roles and duties by the state towards child welfare, specifically with regard to health and education, has become entrenched (Great Britain Department of Health, 2006). On the contrary, the more focused policies like those involved in the criminal justice system and in the protection of children have obliged to take action in response to certain issues and problems that seem critical then, issues which mainly concern particular families and communities (Hallet & Prout, 2003), while neglecting most families and communities. Hence, this essay will also analyse the effect of the modern children’s rights movement on social policy and law involving children. New Labour: The ‘Social Investment’ Approach The concept of ‘the social investment state’ has arisen as the Third Way ideology’s normative principle and a practical response to the problems and issues of the welfare state recognised by Third Way scholars and policymakers (Lewis & Surender, 2004). The practical response and normative principle are interlocked. The community and the child are viewed as symbols of the social investment state (Lewis & Surender, 2004). Particularly, the child assumes an iconic position. Yet, it has been argued by Hendrick (2005) that the social investment’s new... This essay analyses the effect of the modern children’s rights movement on social policy and law involving children. This paper stresses that the government, in relation to the problem of Child Abuse, formed the Every Child Matters agenda, aimed at enhancing the quality of child services, but particularly children at risk. In addition to having a common focus on self-sufficiency and choice, these policies and guidelines have another common feature: they all nearly entirely overlook the requirement for defenceless children to be safeguarded from abuse (Leira & Saraceno, 2008). Similarly, the Green and White papers on child care fall short in comprising any mentions of child protection plans This report makes a conclusion that the policy responses to the mounting concerns over the rights of children and granting children ‘expression’ or ‘voice’ could have the result, expected or otherwise, of expanding the importance of the individual obligation of children as well as the duties of their parents. In encouraging children and young people to become more accountable for their own behaviours, the punishments given by adults can be viewed to be even more repressing. Paradoxically, the expansion of the concept of children’s rights could have the outcome of soliciting children into dynamically controlling their own freedom and thus exposing them to a much more advanced kind of adult control, guidance, and monitoring.

Copyright has been called an engine of free expression. How accurate Essay

Copyright has been called an engine of free expression. How accurate is this statment - Essay Example Copyright does not guarantee the protection of ideas, but it can protect the original work. For example, many films have the common theme in which the hero kills the villain. According to copyright laws, it is easy to protect the original film from copying, but it is impossible to protect the common theme. In other words, the theme or idea cannot be monopolized, but the original film can be protected. According to Erwin Chemerinsky (2002), â€Å"there is an inherent tension between copyright laws and freedom of speech. Copyrights restrict the ability of people to disseminate speech; when material is protected by copyright there are legal limits on who can circulate or sell it† (Chemerinsky, p.83). Moreover copyright laws are permitted even in modern civilized societies which values freedom of expression. Many people believe that copyright may enhance freedom of expression. Because of the strong linkage between copyright and freedom of expression, copyright is often referred as the engine of free expression. As we know an engine’s abilities is necessary for driving a vehicle or to do some effective work. For example, a car is idle or dead if the engine fails. Same way if free expression is not allowed, no creative works will happen and the term copyright may become meaningless. This paper critically analyses the accuracy of the statement â€Å"Copyright: an engine o f free expression†. Liu Xiaobo, who was jailed by the Chinese authorities for his open stand on freedom of expression rights, has won the 2010 Nobel Peace prize. Even though most of the countries asked China to release Liu from jail in order to receive the Nobel Prize, China is still keeping a blind eye towards this issue. Nobody believes that China may exhibit generous gesture towards Liu for receiving the Noble Prize. China is a country in which freedom of expression is restricted. Even the foreign medias operating in

Describe in detail the realist perspective of world politics, and Essay

Describe in detail the realist perspective of world politics, and contrast its assumptions with the perspectives of liberalism a - Essay Example Nevertheless, there are political theories that naturally whither away because of trivial foundation, formulation or simply not supported by strong evidence. On the other hand, there are political theories that were able to withstand time and develop itself in the course of history. These theories were proven and tested as accurate and viable and in the process were enriched by different theoreticians and philosophers, thus subsequently branched out and influenced vast ideologies, policies and programs. Among these theories include the realist perspective, liberalism and perhaps the newest inclusion is the world- systems analysis. This paper will lay out the basic principle of these political theories in comparison to each other. However, this document will principally establish the dominance of the concept of political realism in the process of discussing its historical development. This will also present the significant aspects of political realism that influence the different fiel d of political science and world history. Three Major Political Perspectives The liberal perspective Liberalism is a political theory that banks on the significance of equal rights and liberty. Liberal ideology popularized the concepts of constitutionalism, right to suffrage, and human rights. It was born out from the repressive rules of the monarchy and the Divine Right of the Kings. Liberalism used the concept of natural rights and the social contract to confront authoritarianism and absolutism. Liberalists stand by the rule of law and the responsibility of the leaders to subject themselves to the majority of the people and the assertion of the fundamental rights to life, liberty and property of every individual for the full emancipation of humanity. The world-analysis systems perspective The world-analysis system asserts that the capitalist-world economy is a particular historical system. This theory believes that the best possible means to ascertain the mode of function of the c apitalist-world economy is to look at the profound historical evolution of the said system (Wallerstein, World-Systems Analysis An Introduction). The development of the capitalist-world economy in Europe was explained by the world system analysis theory by looking at the continent in tandem with the incorporation of regions through power and colonization and the conclusion in an international division of labor and an interstate system was derived (Wallerstein, Unthinking Social Science, Second Edition). The world-analysis system is a knowledge movement that search to surpass the structures of knowledge from the 19th century. The realist perspective Understanding and grasping the objective laws governing the society in the only way that it can be improve. This is what political realism asserts. Realism considers the objectivity of the laws in the process that in politics, truth and opinion is being distinguished, and truth can only be ascertained through supporting evidence and clari fied by reason. One-sided judgment must be eliminated from the facts so that the society can clearly drive out the laws objectively and rationally. For the realists, discovering truth from the facts by providing meaning through reason is what theory is all about. For example, realism presumes that a foreign policy’s character can only be distinguished through exhaustive examination of the combined effort of the performed political acts and the

Copyright has been called an engine of free expression. How accurate Essay

Copyright has been called an engine of free expression. How accurate is this statment - Essay Example Copyright does not guarantee the protection of ideas, but it can protect the original work. For example, many films have the common theme in which the hero kills the villain. According to copyright laws, it is easy to protect the original film from copying, but it is impossible to protect the common theme. In other words, the theme or idea cannot be monopolized, but the original film can be protected. According to Erwin Chemerinsky (2002), â€Å"there is an inherent tension between copyright laws and freedom of speech. Copyrights restrict the ability of people to disseminate speech; when material is protected by copyright there are legal limits on who can circulate or sell it† (Chemerinsky, p.83). Moreover copyright laws are permitted even in modern civilized societies which values freedom of expression. Many people believe that copyright may enhance freedom of expression. Because of the strong linkage between copyright and freedom of expression, copyright is often referred as the engine of free expression. As we know an engine’s abilities is necessary for driving a vehicle or to do some effective work. For example, a car is idle or dead if the engine fails. Same way if free expression is not allowed, no creative works will happen and the term copyright may become meaningless. This paper critically analyses the accuracy of the statement â€Å"Copyright: an engine o f free expression†. Liu Xiaobo, who was jailed by the Chinese authorities for his open stand on freedom of expression rights, has won the 2010 Nobel Peace prize. Even though most of the countries asked China to release Liu from jail in order to receive the Nobel Prize, China is still keeping a blind eye towards this issue. Nobody believes that China may exhibit generous gesture towards Liu for receiving the Noble Prize. China is a country in which freedom of expression is restricted. Even the foreign medias operating in

Unions Recruit New Allies for Obama in Battleground States Case Study

Unions Recruit New Allies for Obama in Battleground States - Case Study Example Unions Recruit New Allies for Obama in Battleground States This article by Steven Greenhouse is very insightful and it gives a general overview and perspective of the role of the trade unions in the 2012 us presidential campaigns. The article gave an account of the role the labor unions have played in this campaign to ensure that Barrack Obama is re-elected the next president of the United States. It gave the opinion of the union leaders and event organizers whom they were very enthusiastic about how the unions are growing stronger and shaping the politics of the United States. The labor unions are more concentrated on the battle ground states of Ohio and Wisconsin. Teachers mainly from Chicago which is the election center for barrack Obama are very enthusiastic about this. The union members are large in number with a figure of 67, 176 knocking at the doors of residence of Wisconsin. Sandy and Elaine were just part of that 67, 176. The unions are trying to reassert themselves after realizing that they couldn’t influence much during 2010 election that were held in some states that include Ohio. This all effort is more of a strategy to regain relevance in the elections that they influence so much especially in 2008. The unions did play a big role in the election of 2008 and eight, when they campaign for election of Barrack Obama. They have seen that the re-election of the same candidate they campaign for in 2008 is not forthcoming so they have to quickly spring into action. They have for the past two years been actively involved in these campaigns mainly in Ohio and Wisconsin.... These have helped them a great deal because they can now reach out to more people. Given that union members account for only 12% of the population of the United States their constituency have now increased tremendously. Unlike in the past where they reach out to few people per hour they can now reach out to huge number of population in just an hour. They have also good strategy whereby they have been able to bring together members from different groups to join them. The republican side is however of different view and that the unions have lost the control it had in 2008. Sara Fagen, who worked under George W. Bush said that the members no longer fully support the union and no longer swayed by the union decision to support a particular candidate because they feel the have been pressed economically by the union who drew from them to run this campaign. The union according to the republicans is funding the campaigns at the expense of the workers. They claim also that Obama have not stood up to them by not actualizing the â€Å"card check† bill that could have helped them a lot. The union members have however fought for the union members especially by seeking the reversal of the law that deprives the employees of their bargaining rights. They were then to suffer another set back after their effort to oust the governor of Wisconsin proves futile. Scott walker the republican retains the seat as the governor of Wisconsin. The union have though rise with 30 unions joining the course. There are though regular setbacks and frustration on daily basis that often face the union members. They most of the times don’t find response from 2/3 of the homes they contacted so they are left with little to do other than to left notes urging the members of

International English Essay Example for Free

International English Essay Introduction English is termed as the universal language (Crystal 2003). In almost all regions of the world, English is either their official or second language. Most of the countries in the Western, particularly North America, are using the English language (Burchfield 2003). In addition, some European countries, like the United Kingdom, and Asian countries, like Singapore, India, Pakistan and the Philippines, are more inclined to use the English language than their native languages (Cheshire 2007). It is true that the English language is being used by different countries in the world. Some have also different ways of using it by having a distinct style and structure of speaking and writing the English language. Nevertheless, it is also said that there is a common ground in which the English language is being expressed and used (Burchfield 2003). Having the same vocabulary expressions, meaning and senses, and concepts and contexts, the English language is understood if not universally at least internationally (Graddol 1996). Truly, the English language plays a very vital part in the international scene. For a very diverse and sundry character of the world, it needs a general or common medium that would serve as the channel for communication among different countries globally (Crystal 2003). It is to be noted that every country has its own official or native language. And this language may be understood only by its mother country. In this case, such country would really have to use a second language that other countries and the international community understand in order for such country to have access of communication toward them (Cheshire 2007). This paper would discuss the role of the English language in different countries and in the international community. Further, this paper would try to elucidate on the different approaches that different countries have in using the English language. History of the English Language The English language is originally the language of the Anglo-Frisian civilizations. Around the fifth century A. D. , people from the northwest of Germany occupied the Eastern England. The Old English language became a combination of the language spoken by the displaced primordial people and the language which was spread by the aggressor or the ruling class (Burnley 2000) Some say that it is either the displaced people or the aggressor that adapt to the kind of English language that was being used by the protagonist regions then. Others say that the now known, Old English language was the result of coalescent of the languages used by the displaced people and by the aggressor (Burchfield 2003). Nonetheless, the Old English language was regarded as an artificial composition closer to that of the Proto-Indo-European (Graddol 1996). It was only that, it adopted the West Saxon scribal rules (Fennell 2001). Due to this influence of the West Saxon scribal rules or conventions, the Old English language was said to lose its distinct noun case system. The use of prepositions and constant word-order were the chief mechanisms used to transmit meaning. Such structure is manifested in the Middle English era (Cheshire 2007). In 1066, The Norman Conquest of England overwhelmingly influenced the development of the English language (Burnley 2000). There are huge numbers of Norman terms and expressions that became included in the Old English specifically those in the legal and administrative genres. Eventually, the Old English language was also influenced by the Greek and Latin terms (Fennell 2001). This signaled the rise of the Middle English. The fifth century, however, marked the new shift of the English language from Middle English to Early Modern English. The evolution was characterized as the Great Vowel Shift which means that the change was motivated by the transformation on the uses and roles of vowel (Burchfield 2003). The Community of the English Language It is true that the English language cannot be owned by one nation. It is for the reason that English language is not really owned by a single country or region. Moreover, the English language is constructed and utilized by different countries all over the world according to their culture and tradition. This entails that the English language may be used differently by different nations. Yet the English language, as mentioned earlier, has distinct common features that are universal to all English-users. The sentence structure, concepts and meanings, and style and phonology may vary according to the established standard for English language among different countries (Cheshire 2007). The United States of America has the largest population of English-speakers. United Kingdom, Canada and Australia ranked second, third and fourth respectively. Although U. S. and U. K. have the highest number of population that speaks the English language, the English language was not even considered as their official language. In addition South Africa is also a known region of English-speaking people. Singapore ranked first in Asia having a great number of populations which speaks the English language (Kachru 1992). Although the English language only placed third in the category of the major language by native speakers (Mandarin Chinese and Spanish placed first and second respectively), it is the most commonly used language in the world. India ranked in the category of country which uses the English language as the second language (Kachru 1992). And because English is extensively used and spoken by many countries in the world, it is labeled as the global language or universal language of the modern period (Crystal 2003). Though it is not really being used as an official language by other countries, it is more likely that it is taught as the second language. According to some linguists, the English language that is being used by different people all over the world does not really have a uniform character (Cheshire 2007). Conversely, it is the very one that absorbs the culture of particular countries that make use of it as a medium of language. In the international community or in the international scene, the English language is being used to announce international declarations. It is also the official language used in aerial and maritime communications. Moreover, it is used as one of the official languages of the United Nations, European Union, and the majority of the international athletic organizations (Crystal 2003). Such importance of the English language is also manifested in the printings and publications of books, newspapers and magazines in which the English language is used (Crystal 2003). It was also reported that most articles produced and published were written in English albeit only half of them came from countries which official language is English. Though there are regions and parts of the world which are not really proficient speaking the English language, it is undeniably that somehow they know and understand some of it (Crane 2004). This is the reason behind the idea that at any rate the English language is the most commonly used language in the world – that even if you go to a foreign land, you can survive with regards to communication by using the English language (Cheshire 2007).

Applications of Semiconductor lasers

Applications of Semiconductor lasers Abstract- Semiconductor lasers have the potential to meet the demands of next generation high speed optical network applications and also have great impact on various other technology domains. Its low cost, easy wavelength tune ability, low power consumption and pure output make it ideal for optical communication applications. This paper is a review of the merits, demerits, current applications, commercial availability and future directions of semiconductor lasers in optical communication. Comparative analysis of these semiconductor lasers with respect to various parameters also been conducted. Keywords: Semiconductor lasers, Fabry-Perot laser, Distributed feedback (DFB) laser, External Cavity Diode Lasers (ECDL), Multi Quantum Well (MQW) laser, Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSEL) i.Introduction The semiconductor lasers were discovered in 1962 by Robert Hall and his team members [1, 2]. With the advent of this technology patents and articles started to publish on this technology but at that time this technology was not mature enough to realize the dreams of the scientists, engineers and physicist. But with advancement in the field and the enabling technologies soon made it possible to produce inexpensive commercially available semiconductor laser. The invention of semiconductor lasers not only revolutionizes the optical communication but it has many applications in other domains also. Semiconductor lasers are one of the popular optical communication light source for data transmission. They are supposed to be the laser of the future, because of their compactness in size, easy integration, more output power, optical pumps for solid-state lasers (primary light source i.e laser diode pumps another solid state lasers) and their rapid improvement. Semiconductor lasers are essentially diodes which produces coherent light through the process of stimulated emission. They uses semiconductor as a gain medium. The gain medium is pumped by an external source, which is electrical in nature in case of semiconductor lasers [3]. As they are basically p-n junctions, so they are compact and can be fabricated on large scale by the use of advance semiconductor IC technology. Semiconductor lasers are very efficient in converting electrical power into optical power [10]. In section.II basic types of semiconductor lasers are described in terms of their basic working procedure, advantages, disadvantages, commercial availability future directions and applications. Section.III produces the comparison of semiconductor lasers with respect to various parameters and section.IV contains the conclusion. II. Types of semiconductor lasers Following are the basic types of semiconductor lasers Fabry Perot (FP) Lasers Distributed Feedback (DFB) lasers Multi Quantum Well (MQW) laser External Cavity Diode Lasers (ECDL) Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSEL) A. Fabry-Perot (FP) lasers In FP lasers, mirrors create the right condition for the lasing to occur. Resonate cavity is formed when two mirrors are put in front of each other. The bouncing of light will take place between these two mirrors, the distance between these two mirrors are adjusted in such a way that this distance is the integral multiple of half wavelength, only is such scenario light will reinforce itself. Wavelengths that are not resonant they undergo destructive interference and deflect. One of the two mirrors is fully reflective and the second mirror allows very small amount of light to pass through [4]. Figure.1.a: Fabry Perot Laser conceptual structure, Ref: [4] Figure.1.b: Fabry Perot Laser structure, Ref: www.scholar.lib.vt.edu A.1. Advantages FP laser gives comb of (Amplified Spontaneous Emission) ASE peak uniform in frequency [5]. FP laser can be used for transmission of data with multimode optical fiber [6]. FP laser also have uniform intensity over Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) [5]. Perfect for optical links where long term power and wavelength stability is required. A.2. Disadvantages High dispersion in high speed and long transmission system because the spectral width can span as much as 5 nm [6]. At 2.5Gbps and higher the wavelength center of FP laser goes out of wavelength tolerance. Not suitable for long distances. With the improvement in VCSELs technology, applications of 1310 nm and 1550 nm applications are moving from FP laser to VCSEL. A.3. Future directions and Applications Increase in bandwidth up to 15 GHz (the running value) by reducing low frequency roll off parasitic effects of bias circuits by injection locking [7]. FP lasers can generate single longitudinal mode laser [8]. FP lasers external optical modulator for optical access network [9]. Spectral width of FP laser allows transmission to distances of 40 Km at 1.7 Gbps.[5] FP offers Corse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) with channels at 1.3ÃŽÂ ¼m and 1.5ÃŽÂ ¼m simultaneously on a single fiber [5]. FP lasers offer benefits in LAN that use one wavelength per fiber [6]. FP laser can be used as multi wavelength source of Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) for spectrum sliced [5]. The 1550 nm FP laser can support Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) [6]. A.4. Commercial availability of FP lasers Multiple Application Platform (MAP) FP laser [9] is FP laser source with key features like single mode or multi mode output, internal modulation, LAN extensions for instrumentation (LXI) compliant etc. This device has weight of almost of half kilo gram is capable of operating on different optical fibers such as Flexcorà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ and SMF-28 [10] with operational temperature range of 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C to 40à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C. This product is commercially available. B. Distributed feedback (DFB) lasers In FP laser there is feedback of light from the mirrors, this light feedback can be provided in distributed manner by series of closely spaced mirrors/reflectors (means there is a periodic variation in the width of the cavity). There is a corrugated section in the cavity; the incident light passes through section causes series of reflections. If the corrugation period is the integral multiple of half wavelength (Bragg condition) the resulting transmitted wave will add in phase. This mechanism suppresses other longitudinal modes and allow only single longitudinal mode whose wavelength is equal to twice the corrugation period. [11] Figure.2. DFB laser structure [4] B.1. Advantages DFB lasers provides better wavelength stability than cleaved end face laser [12] The line width of DFB is less than that of reflective end face lasers [12]. Low chirp [13] Better wavelength selectivity. DFB laser is used in high performance system because of its narrow spectral output width [6]. B.2. Disadvantages The amplitude of the standing wave is fixed because of gratings Emitted wavelength near threshold current cant be controlled [14] Wavelength chirp is associated with the spatial burning of the carrier holes. Some values of rare facet phase give unacceptable performance. B.3.Future directions and applications of Distributed feedback (DFB) lasers All optical flip-flop is one of the building block for fast optical packet switching as it temporary stores the header information while the payload is routed to the correct output port. Single distributed feedback (DFB) laser diode based, all optical flip flop can be used to serve this purpose. Experimental results shows that DFB lasers can provide optical memory in an economical way and at the same time shows fast switching of optical packets (as low as 45 ps can be achieved). Using DFB lasers as an all optical flip flop 40 Gbps can be switched. [15] Used in DWDM system where tune ability of signals are required. Used in the sensing of extreme narrow line width of the signal. B.4. Commercial availability of Distributed Feedback laser The production of Quantum dot pure Green laser [16] is possible by using DFB laser technology. DFB laser gives high reliability for optical communication to form quantum dot crystal with a wavelength of 1064nm [16]. There is significant amount of reduction in power consumption for converting 1064nm quantum dot laser from electricity to light by the use of DFB laser. C. Multi Quantum well (MQW) lasers In Quantum well lasers the active region is very narrow which causes quantum confinement to occur. The wavelength which emits is dependent on the width of the active region rather than the band gap. This feature gives shorter wavelength than conventional lasers [17]. Figure.3. Cavity structure of MQW laser [4] C.1. Advantages Enhanced gain due to quantum well structure and gain co-efficient is usually 3 times or more than single layer FP laser [13] Produce shorter oscillation wavelength Smaller linewidth enhancement factor (ÃŽÂ ±), at larger linewidth enhancement factor the laser instability is enhanced [13]. Small optical losses Better confinement of laser actions because of multiple active regions. Low threshold current High modulation speed Low temperature dependency C.2. Disadvantages The internal structure of MQW laser is designed such that it is more susceptible to back reflections. C.3. Future directions and Applications Modulating retro reflector combines optical retro reflector and optical modulator (MQW lasers). Strained quantum well technology can become the core technology for high performance semiconductor device by expanding the flexibility of band engineering [18]. Optical repeaters, as it gives saturated output power to about 3dBm. C.4.Commercial availability of MQW lasers SANYO GaAlAs index guided laser diodes with MQW structure, these are infrared powerful lasers source [19] of maximum power up to 200mW and wavelength range of 782nm to 830nm is commercially available. SONY GaAlAs index guided laser diodes with MQW structure; these are infrared powerful lasers source [19] gives optical power range from 90mW up to 60W. This huge optical output power gives high brightness. D. External Cavity Diode Lasers (ECDL) ECDL can also be used to achieve the single longitudinal mode wavelength. ECDL is a semiconductor based laser with one end of the laser diode has anti reflective coating and laser resonator is completed with collimating mirror and external mirror. As they are tunable lasers so for wavelength selection they use diffraction gratings. End mirror contains collimating lens and diffraction grating. The anti reflective coated end of the diode gets feedback from the diffracted beam. Tuning of the emitted wavelength is done through the rotation of the diffracting grating. There is some more variation for this setup. [11, 20] Figure.4. EDCL setup Ref: www.clu-in.org D.1.Advantages Side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) is better than -40 dB and has narrow intrinsic line width Pulse repetition rate can easily be selected [21] Filter can be inserted for the fixing of emission wavelength in mode locked diode laser [21] etc. D.2. Disadvantages The direction of output beam changes by rotating the diffraction grating which not suitable for many optical communication applications. In fixed direction of the output beam, the zero order reflection of the beam bounced by the mirror is lost. D.3.Future directions and applications Tunable continuous wave THz radiation can be generated by the use of dual mode ECDL from 250 MHz to several THz [22] Without mode hopping wavelength tuning over 40 nm around 1550 nm is expected by new configuration of EDCL with all dielectric thin film Fabry Perot filters. [23] Atomic clock: ECDL is used in the optical system of the atomic clock; it is used for the cooling and the detection of clock transition. [24] Mode locked ECDL are mostly used in optical communication (DWDM) for data transmission. [21] Testing and measurement in optical fiber communication Non-linear frequency conversion. D.4. Commercial availability of ECDL TEC-100 and TEC-120 [25] External cavity diode Littrow laser system gives optical output power up to 200mW and running range (mod-hop free) up to 30GHz. DLX-100 [26] External cavity tunable diode gives output power up to 1W and mod-hop free tuning up to 15GHz. E. Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSEL) VCSEL achieves single longitudinal mode operation in different manner. The active region is placed between two highly reflective surfaces/mirrors. These two reflective surfaces have alternated high and low refractive index. The reflectivity of the surfaces is between 99.5-99.9% that is why light oscillates perpendicularly through the layers and emits from the top or the bottom of the device. [27] E.1. Advantages It has high wavelength stability It is less sensitive to temperature (can operate reliably up to 80 à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C) Less refrigeration is required for VCSEL as it operation do not emit much heat. It provides high powered per unit area ( up to 1200W/cm2) It emits circular beam as a transmitter which leads to small optical loss. Figure.5. VCSEL structure [4] E.2. Disadvantages Because of high mirror reflectivity in the VCSEL internal structure lowers the optical output power. They emit low output power (in mW) because of their small active medium volume. InP based VCSEL suffers from having low conduction band offset, low conduction band offset means low confinements of electron which results improper temperature stability of active material gain. To produce longer wavelength in VCSEL, mechanism of double fusion is used. This mechanism increases the cost as it is complicated procedure [28]. E.2. Future directions and applications of Vertical External Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VECSEL) [20, 32] There is an issue of optical power supply for Si-photonics transceiver which are being developed for high density optical interconnect on parallel processors can ideally solved by VECSEL as the emits in 1330 nm and 1550 nm. [29] High speed modulation up to 25 Gb/sec can be achieved by using VCSEL at low current of 7.4 KA/cm2. [30] Fast modulation frequency (in GHz) made its use in optical fiber communication as transmitter Ideal for local and metro area networks as they produce low output power. Threshold less laser [31] etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ E.3. Commercial availability of (VCSEL) VCSEL technology has flourished and gives wide range of products with ultra low noise, narrow line width, high optical output power (up to 1kW) and high speed modulation (speed >5GHz) [27]. For high optical output power up to 1KW, a module for cooling of this system is used and fiber is pigtailed for high brightness VCSEL array. VCSELs are commercially available in blue, green and UV lasers [27]. iii. Comparison of semiconductor lasers In this section DFB, ECDL, MQW and VCSEL are compared with respect to different parameters and their suitability as optical transmitter in different optical networks. Parameters Tuning agent Output power ( in dBm) Tuning speed Modulation speed Lasers DFB Temperature 13 Slow (m-sec) Fast (multi-GHz) MQW Quantum confined stark effect ~7 Fast( Fast(multi-GHz) VCSEL MEMs Optically pumped 6 Electrically pumped -3 Fast(ÃŽÂ ¼-sec) Fast ( few GHz) ECDL Peizo transducer ~13 Slow(m-sec) Slow ( Table.1: Comparison of semiconductor lasers Table.1 shows relative analysis of semiconductor lasers. Each semiconductor laser has got competitive advantage with respect to different parameter. Table.2 gives a comprehensive view of the semiconductor lasers and their application in a specific network type as an optical transmitter. Semiconductor Laser Network type FP laser Short to medium range (Local Metro) Networks DFB Laser Long haul network MWQ Laser Short to medium range (Local Metro) Networks ECDL Long haul network VCSEL Short to medium range (Local Metro) Networks Table.2: Semiconductor lasers with their network type support Lasers Max spectral output width FP 5 nm VCSEL 0.5 nm DFB 0.1 nm Table.3: Spectral width comparison of short range lasers Spectral output width measure the range of the wavelengths produce by a laser. From table.3 it is evident that DFB laser has the narrowest spectral output width, which makes DFB laser the best choice for high performance short range optical transmission systems. iv. Conclusion This paper gives a review on the semiconductor lasers, their working, applications, commercial availability and future directions. Relative analysis of these lasers shows that they have competitive advantage in one or other laser parameters and this analysis also shows that which semiconductor laser is appropriate to which type of optical network. Semiconductor lasers have wide applications in optical fiber communication. Lots of exciting research is going on in this field and there is still room of improvements.

Custom Essay - Sexuality and Sexual Intercourse in A Midsummer Nights D

Sexuality and Sexual Intercourse in A Midsummer Nights Dream On the surface, Shakespeare’s play A Mid Summer Nights Dream is simply a comedic romp concerning love. A close examination of the actions and words of each of the players will reveal that the primary focus of the play is not really love but rather sexuality and sexual intercourse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hippolyta's nightlife role as Titania is stage-managed by Theseus-Oberon, who gets his will by magical means.   if his own imperial gaze has proved ineffectual, he will capture Titania's gaze and refocus it with an aimlessness that would have gratified Cupid:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The next thing then she waking looks upon,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Be it lion, bear, or wolf, or bull,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Or meddling monkey, or on busy ape,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   She shall pursue it with the soul of love.    This prepares the way not only for an arousal of 'animal love' in Titania but for its consummation in her bower.   The supposed ravishment of Bottom would have to happen offstage, primarily because that is the only place it could have happened.   Titania's bower is not the same as the flower-canopied bank 'where the wild thyme blows' and where according to Oberon, 'sleeps Titania sometime in the night'.   If it were the same, then it is especially easy to believe that no sexual act occurs between the Queen and the Ass.   If such an act should occur, it must be believed that her bower is really in fairyland, which is distant from the wood, and that it is there where Bottom is taken and there where he is ravished.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As for the theater, a Titania-jumping Bottom, or a Bottom-jumping Titania, is hardly what Shakespeare could have meant for ... ...f the sadism Hermia's dream attributes to Lysander, and since this is also Hippolyta's 'dream', it represents her anxieties about a Theseus who won her love by doing her injuries.   Oberon not only sees Titania's disgrace, but feels it, and by doing so breaks his charm.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unpleasant as Oberon's methods are, we can only judge them by Titania's response. When she wakes up, she is not bitter, but quick to love, 'My Oberon!'.   And, to obey, when he asks for music she immediately cries, 'Music, ho!   Music, such as charmeth sleep!' Works Cited and Consulted Berry, Ralph. Shakespeare’s Comedies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1972. Greenblatt et al., ed. â€Å"A Midsumer Night’s Dream.†The Norton Shakespeare: Comedies. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1997. Vaughn, Jack A. Shakespeare’s Comedies. New York: Frederick Uncar Publishing Co., 1980.

Statesman VS Politician Essay -- essays research papers

When talking about a person who is trying to run for election in our country, two terms get thrown around loosely, a politician and a statesman. However, there is a difference between the two. A Politician is a leader engaged in civil administration whose main objective is to get elected. Human affairs are not that important to him, he just wants the title. A Statesman however takes interest in human affairs and works for the common good to help people. (http://www.dictionary.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  George Washington can be defined as a Statesman. Washington always kept the common good for people in mind. When it was time to choose the first president of the United States of America, George Washington was unanimously voted. George Washington wanted to make sure that the citizens of the United States were all recognized so he traveled the country meeting them, assuring them he was there for the good of the people. (George Washington, American Political Leaders)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aaron Burr, unlike George Washington, is classified as a Politician. Aaron Burr is known for killing Alexander Hamilton in a duel, but it is his ruthless personality that has him most remembered. Burr was most concerned in the title he wanted to win, rather than the good of the people. He took a dislike to Alexander Hamilton after meeting him in the Revolution and they soon became rival Politicians in New York. Burr had a seat in the Senate, but was defeated in reelection. Burr ...

Employers Get Tough on Health

Kayli Tipps Employers Get Tough on Health The article entitled â€Å"Employers Get Tough on Health† is printed by the Chicago Tribune September 24, 2007 and it addresses how some companies in America are now choosing whether you get hired or keep your job based on your personal behavior and lifestyle habits such as smoking or eating high fat meals. In the reading the Article states â€Å"the rules of the work place are changing† and you should be informed of those changes so you can be a likely candidate to get hired if applying for a new job at these companies.I will tell you how they are testing to see if you make â€Å"bad† lifestyle choices and also how it may affect whether you qualify for health insurance or your job at these companies. The company known as Weyco Inc. in Michigan is who the article is about. This Company drew national attention in 2005 when it fired four employees who used tobacco. Weyco performs random testing every three months, usually o f about 30 workers.The workers are supposed to breath into a breathalyzer-like device that measures carbon-monoxide levels. So if the level is high then they are given a urine test and if they fail they will be dismissed. This is a scary idea to those who might smoke. Also I need to mention that you should say goodbye to the days of high-fat meals because Weyco can also regulate your blood pressure, body mass and glucose levels.The requirements embraced by a growing number of companies are setting privacy aside and raising questions about who will qualify for health insurance and more importantly employment. Like some of the employees you may be wondering if these new rules are illegal. According to Gary Climes, vice president of Meritain Health Michigan, who owns Weyco, stated that the firings do not violate Michigan law and that the 150 employees at the company have accepted the rules. It really comes down to a personal choice as far as do you want to be employed here,† Clim es said. Since 2005 when Weyco instituted the wellness policy that includes the smoking ban, health insurance costs have increased by only 2 percent which is below the national average. So you now should be worried because personal behavior and lifestyle habits, those unrelated to work, are now fair game for employers determined to cut health care costs.The Article is very informative and gives detailed reports on the testing and how you could potentially be â€Å"dismissed† if you fail one of the tests. Also the article is expressing to you how you should rethink the junk food you have been eating or the cigarette you are about to smoke. Although thousands of employees have put in place incentives for their workers to live healthier lifestyles, the great numbers of employers have not yet embraced the act to penalize workers who don’t satisfy medical and behavioral rules.Although you should really try to take steps to better yourself and use this article as a little pu sh even if you don’t live in Michigan because punitive measures are gaining a foothold in the workplace. I recommend this article to anyone who is currently looking for a job to get these ideas flowing in your head because even if the company you’re working for isn’t testing you or firing people for smoking you should still be aware that they look at your habits.The most important aspect you should have in the work place in presentation in your effort and in yourself. I found this article very informative because I had no idea that businesses even started testing people to see if they smoke or cared that you smoked at all. Although some things may be out of your immediate control such as high blood pressure and glucose levels, you can take measures to improve your health in the long run with choosing a healthier lifestyle, not only for yourself but for your job.

Management Accounting and Management Decisions

Management Accounting, Cdn. 6e (Horngren/Sundem/Stratton/Beaulieu) Chapter 1 Management Accounting and Management Decisions 1) Both internal managers and external parties use accounting information. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8 2) Internal accounting reports must follow generally accepted accounting principles and account for assets at historical cost. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8 3) Organizations that do not make or sell tangible goods are called service organizations. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 7Objective: 3 4) The cost-benefit balance is the primary consideration in choosing among accounting systems and methods. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 2 Objective: 3 5) Planning refers to setting objectives, implementing plans, and evaluating objectives. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 6) A budget is a quantitative expression of a plan of action. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 2 Obj ective: 3 7) Management by exception involves a detailed analysis of all deviations from planned performance regardless of the amount.Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 2 Objective: 3 8) Sales growth occurs in the mature market stage of product life cycle. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 9 Objective: 4 9) Line authority is authority exerted downward over subordinates. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 12 Objective: 5 10) Line departments support or service staff departments. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 12 Objective: 5 11) According to the Financial Executives Institute, the controller's function is to obtain both short-term and long-term loans.Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 14 12) The CMA program focuses on management accounting and its role in Canadian business. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8 13) The factors causing changes in management accounting today include increased global competition, technological advances and increased production by Canadian companies. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8 14) The essence of the just-in-time philosophy is to eliminate waste. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8 5) The Society of Management Accountants of Canada (SMAC) has developed standards of ethical conduct for management accountants, which include standards of competence, confidentiality, integrity and objectivity. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 20 Objective: 9 16) A survey of managers selected which of the following business areas as the most common starting-point for future managers? A) Accounting. B) Finance. C) Legal environment of business. D) Computers in business. Answer: A Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 2 Objective: 1 17) Management accounting refers to accounting information developed for A) shareholders.B) governmental authorities. C) managers within an organization. D) loan officers. Answer: C Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8 18) __ ______ is a formal mechanism for gathering, organizing, and communicating information about an organization's activities. A) An accounting system B) Scorekeeping C) Management accounting D) Attention directing Answer: A Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 19) ________ refers to accounting information developed for users within an organization. A) An accounting system B) Scorekeeping C) Management accountingD) Financial accounting Answer: C Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 20) ________ is the accumulation and classification of data. A) An accounting system B) Scorekeeping C) Management accounting D) Attention directing Answer: B Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 21) ________ means reporting and interpreting information that helps managers to focus on operating problems, imperfections, inefficiencies, and opportunities. A) Scorekeeping B) Attention directing C) Problem-solving D) None of the above Answer: B Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 2) ________ i s the aspect of accounting that quantifies the likely results of possible courses of action and often recommends the best course to follow. A) Scorekeeping B) Attention directing C) Problem-solving D) None of the above Answer: C Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 23) The codes of conduct for integrity include all of the following EXCEPT A) avoiding actual or apparent conflicts of interest. B) refusing to advise or assist with the commission of fraud. C) recognizing and communicating professional limitations. D) communicating information subjectively. Answer: DDiff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 20 Objective: 9 24) A clerk prepares a monthly report comparing the actual phone bill with the expected phone costs. This activity would be classified as A) problem-solving. B) scorekeeping. C) planning. D) attention directing. Answer: D Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 25) Broad guidelines and detailed practices that together make up accepted accounting practice at a given time are re ferred to as A) GAAS. B) accounting conventions. C) GAAP. D) Revenue Canada regulations. Answer: C Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8 26) Service organizationsA) sell tangible goods. B) are not wholesalers. C) are considered manufacturers. D) must be profit-seeking. Answer: B Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 7 Objective: 3 27) A characteristic of service organizations is that A) labour is intensive. B) output is easy to define. C) major inputs and outputs can be stored. D) plant and equipment costs are high in proportion to labour costs. Answer: A Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 7 Objective: 3 28) The watchword for the installation of systems in service industries and nonprofit organizations is A) maximize. B) simplicity. C) constraints. D) complexity.Answer: B Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 7 Objective: 3 29) Which of the following is a characteristic of both profit-seeking and nonprofit service organizations? A) Labour is intensive. B) Output is usually difficult to define. C) Major inpu ts and outputs cannot be stored. D) All of the above are characteristics. Answer: D Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 7 Objective: 3 30) Financial accounting is constrained by GAAP. Management accounting is constrained by A) GAAS. B) the cost-benefit balance. C) Revenue Canada. D) the controller. Answer: B Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8 1) The primary consideration in choosing among accounting systems and methods is A) simplicity. B) behavioural issues. C) cost-benefit balance. D) computerization. Answer: C Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 32) An accounting system should provide accurate, timely budgets and performance reports in a form useful to A) shareholders. B) bankers. C) Revenue Canada. D) managers. Answer: D Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 33) ________ is (are) a quantitative expression(s) of a plan of action. A) A budget B) Performance reports C) Variances D) Management by exception Answer: ADiff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 34) ________ prov ide(s) feedback by comparing results with plans and by highlighting deviations from plans. A) A budget B) Performance reports C) Variances D) Management by exception Answer: B Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 35) ________ is (are) deviations from plans. A) A budget B) Performance reports C) Variances D) Management by exception Answer: C Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 36) ________ concentrate(s) on areas that deviate from the plan and ignore(s) areas that are presumed to be running smoothly. A) A budgetB) Performance reports C) Variances D) Management by exception Answer: D Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 37) Launching a new product line is an example of A) decision making. B) planning. C) controlling. D) organization. Answer: A Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 38) Answering the following questions: When is dinner? Who is cooking it? is an example of A) planning. B) controlling. C) budgeting. D) analyzing. Answer: A Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 39) Cooking dinner and tasting the food are examples of A) planning. B) controlling. C) budgeting.D) analyzing. Answer: B Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 40) Planning determines action, action generates feedback, and feedback influences A) reports. B) accounting systems. C) further planning. D) deviations. Answer: C Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 41) A quantitative expression of a plan of action is a A) variance. B) performance report. C) control. D) budget. Answer: D Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 42) Actual results are compared to budgeted amounts in a A) performance report. B) financial statement. C) production report. D) flexible report.Answer: A Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 43) Management by exception means management concentrates on A) significant activities proceeding as planned. B) significant deviations from expected results. C) insignificant activities proceeding as planned. D) insignificant deviations from expected results. Answer: B Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 44) A synonym for deviation is A) planned. B) systematic. C) variance. D) reported. Answer: C Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 45) A significant unfavourable variance A) should be ignored because of materiality.B) could not result from careless budgeting. C) is the result of proper planning. D) should be analyzed, and measures should be taken to correct the situation. Answer: D Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 46) The product development stage in a product's life cycle corresponds to A) no sales. B) sales growth. C) stable sales level. D) low and decreasing sales. Answer: A Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 9 Objective: 4 47) The introduction to market stage in a product's life cycle corresponds to A) no sales. B) sales growth. C) stable sales level. D) low and decreasing sales. Answer: BDiff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 9 Objective: 4 48) The mature market stage in a product's life cycle corresponds to A) no sales. B ) sales growth. C) stable sales level. D) low and decreasing sales. Answer: C Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 9 Objective: 4 49) The phase-out-of-product stage in a product's life cycle corresponds to A) no sales. B) sales growth. C) stable sales level. D) low sales to no sales. Answer: D Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 9 Objective: 4 50) The various stages through which a product passes are called the A) product life cycle. B) production plan. C) market analysis. D) product initiative.Answer: A Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 9 Objective: 4 51) Product life cycles A) are the same for all products. B) must be considered to effectively plan for production. C) are computerized bicycles. D) have nothing to do with product profitability. Answer: B Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 9 Objective: 4 52) Authority exerted downward over subordinates is referred to as A) line authority. B) staff authority. C) general authority. D) specific authority. Answer: A Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 12 Objective: 5 53) Authorit y to advise but NOT command is called A) line authority. B) staff authority.C) general authority. D) specific authority. Answer: B Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 12 Objective: 5 54) An example of a line department at a jewelry manufacturer is the A) accounting department. B) finance department. C) maintenance department. D) sales department. Answer: D Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 12 Objective: 5 55) According to the Financial Executives Institute, one function of controllership is A) investments. B) short-term financing. C) provision of capital. D) reporting and interpreting. Answer: D Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 14 56) The top accounting officer in an organization is oftenA) the controller. B) the treasurer. C) the CFO. D) the CEO. Answer: A Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 14 57) ________ is mainly concerned with the company's financial matters. A) The controller B) The treasurer C) The secretary D) None of the above Answer: B Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 14 58) ________ is the designation that provides the greatest orientation toward management accounting. A) CIA B) CMA C) CEO D) CGA Answer: B Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 14 59) According to the Financial Executives Institute, one function of treasurership is A) planning for control.B) protection of assets. C) investor relations. D) economic appraisal. Answer: C Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 14 Objective: 6 60) Chartered Accountants are A) internal auditors. B) management accountants. C) external auditors. D) clerical accountants. Answer: C Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8 61) The largest Canadian association of professional accountants whose major interest is management accounting is the A) Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants. B) Certified General Accountants of Canada. C) Government Accounting Institute. D) Society of Management Accountants of Canada.Answer: D Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8 62) A philosophy to eliminate waste by reducing the time products spend in the production process and elim inating the time that products spend on activities that do NOT add value is A) computer-integrated manufacturing. B) just-in-time. C) better late than never. D) added value tax. Answer: B Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8 63) Systems that use computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing, together with robots and computer-controlled machines are called A) just-in-time systems. B) robotic-computer systems.C) computer-integrated manufacturing systems. D) manufacturing-robotic systems. Answer: C Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8 64) Which of the following factors is causing changes in management accounting today? A) Shift from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy. B) Increased global competition. C) Advances in technology. D) All of the above are factors. Answer: D Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8 65) Systems that use CAD and CAM together with robots and computer-controlled machines are called A) JIT. B) CMA. C) CIM. D) none of the above .Answer: C Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8 66) Below is a statement from the Code of Professional Ethics for the Society of Management Accountants. â€Å"Maintain at all times independence of thought and action. † It is an example of A) competence. B) confidentiality. C) integrity. D) objectivity. Answer: D Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 20 Objective: 9 67) Management accountants are similar to CAs and CGAs in that they A) give opinions on financial statements. B) are licensed by the Canadian Institute of public accountancy. C) adhere to codes of conduct.D) are independent of the company they work for. Answer: C Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8 68) The Society of Management Accountants has adopted a set of standards of professional ethics which includes codes of conduct regarding all of the following EXCEPT A) competence. B) independence. C) integrity. D) confidentiality. Answer: B Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 20 Objective: 9 69) Which of the following individu als would likely NOT be users of management accounting reports? A) company presidents B) university deans C) bankers D) chief physicians Answer: CDiff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8 70) Which of the following statements about management accounting is FALSE? A) It is concerned with how measurements and reports will influence managers' daily behaviour. B) It is less sharply defined than financial accounting. C) Its primary users are organizational managers at various levels. D) It is constrained by generally accepted accounting principles. Answer: D Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8 71) Which of the following statements about ethical dilemmas faced by management accountants is FALSE?Ethical dilemmas A) are clear-cut. B) involve conflict between two or more ethical standard. C) require individual integrity and judgment. D) require the application of ethical standards. Answer: A Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 20 Objective: 9 72) Which of the following statements about line a uthority is TRUE? Line authority A) is similar to staff authority. B) is indirectly related to the basic activities of an organization. C) is exerted upwardly from subordinates. D) includes the authority to command action. Answer: D Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 12 Objective: 5 3) Broad concepts or guidelines and detailed practices, including all conventions, rules, and procedures that together make up accepted accounting practice at a given time. Answer: Generally accepted accounting principles Diff: 1 Type: SA Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8 74) The person from whom the controller derives authority to set accounting procedures. Answer: The company president Diff: 1 Type: SA Page Ref: 12 75) Weighing known costs against probable benefits, the primary consideration in choosing among accounting systems and methods. Answer: Cost-benefit balance Diff: 1 Type: SA Page Ref: 11Objective: 7 76) A quantitative expression of a plan of action, and an aid to coordinating and implementing the plan. Answ er: Budget Diff: 1 Type: SA Page Ref: 2 Objective: 2 77) Deviations from plans. Answer: Variances Diff: 1 Type: SA Page Ref: 2 Objective: 2 78) Concentrating on areas that deserve attention and ignoring areas that are presumed to be running smoothly. Answer: Management by exception Diff: 1 Type: SA Page Ref: 2 Objective: 2 79) Authority exerted downward over subordinates. Answer: Line authority Diff: 1 Type: SA Page Ref: 12Objective: 5 80) Authority to advise but not to command. It may be exerted downward, laterally, or upward. Answer: Staff authority Diff: 1 Type: SA Page Ref: 12 Objective: 5 81) The largest Canadian professional organization of accountants whose major interest is management accounting. Answer: Society of Management Accountants Diff: 1 Type: SA Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8 82) A philosophy to eliminate waste, by reducing the time products spend in the production process and eliminating the time that products spend on activities that do not add value. Answer: Just-in-t ime philosophyDiff: 1 Type: SA Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8 83) Describe the major users of accounting information. Answer: In general, users of accounting information fall into three categories: (1) Internal managers who use the information for short-term planning and controlling routine operations. (2) Internal managers who use the information for making nonroutine decisions and formulating overall policies and long-range plans. (3) External parties, such as investors and government authorities, who use the information for making decisions about the company. Diff: 1 Type: ES Page Ref: 2 Objective: 1 4) Explain the cost-benefit and behavioral issues involved in designing an accounting system. Answer: The cost-benefit balance, weighing known costs against probable benefits, is the primary consideration in choosing among accounting systems. The system's value must exceed its cost. In addition, the system's effects on the behaviour of managers should also be considered. The system must p rovide accurate, timely budgets and performance reports in a form useful to managers. Diff: 1 Type: ES Page Ref: 14 Objective: 7 85) Distinguish between line and staff roles in an organization, and give an example of each.Answer: Line authority is authority exerted downward over subordinates. Staff authority is authority to advise but not to command. It may be exerted downward, laterally, or upward. Line departments are directly responsible for conducting the basic mission of the organization, that is, producing and selling a product or service. Staff departments are indirectly related to these basic activities through servicing and supporting the line departments. An example of a line role would be the sales executives, whereas a staff role would include the top accounting executive.Diff: 1 Type: ES Page Ref: 12 Objective: 5 86) Contrast the functions of controllers and treasurers. Answer: The treasurer is concerned mainly with the company's financial matters such as investor relat ions, provision of capital, short-term financing, credits and collections, and banking. The controller is concerned with operating matters such as reporting and interpreting, evaluating and consulting, tax administration, government reporting, and protection of assets. Diff: 1 Type: ES Page Ref: 1 87) Explain a management accountant's ethical responsibilities.Answer: A certified management accountant must adhere to a code of conduct regarding competence, confidentiality, integrity, and objectivity developed by the Society of Management Accountants. An unethical act is one that violates the ethical standards of the profession. Management accountants have an obligation to the organizations they serve, their profession, the public, and themselves to maintain the highest standards of ethical conduct. Diff: 1 Type: ES Page Ref: 20 Objective: 9 88) Explain the role of budgets and performance reports in planning and control.Answer: Budgets and performance reports are essential tools for pl anning and control. Budgets result from the planning process. Managers use them to translate the organization's goals into action. A performance report compares actual results to the budget. Managers use these reports to monitor, evaluate, and reward performance and, thus, exercise control. Diff: 3 Type: ES Page Ref: 3 Objective: 2 89) Discuss the role that management accountants play in the company's value-chain functions. Answer: Management accountants play a key role in planning and control.Throughout the company's value chain, management accountants gather and report cost and revenue information for decision makers. Diff: 2 Type: ES Page Ref: 9 Objective: 4 90) Identify current trends in management accounting. Answer: Many factors have caused changes in accounting systems in recent years. Most significant are globalization, technology, and a shift from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy. Without continuous adaptation and improvement, accounting systems would be obs olete. Diff: 2 Type: ES Page Ref: 16 Objective: 8