Research Methodological Approaches free essay sample

It is also often confused with epistemology, which is about knowledge and knowing. Ontology is one of core areas of philosophical study, which research as the nature of being, reality and existence, it also discuss about the relationship between each categories of being. ‘An ontology is a specification of a conceptualization. ’(Gruber, 1993: 199). Objectivism ‘Objectivism is an ontological position that asserts that social phenomena and their meanings have an existence that is independent of social actors. It implies that social phenomena and the categories that we use in every day discourse have an existence that is independent or separate from actors’ (Bryman, 2007: 22). Objectivism is a philosophical terminology that refers to an attitude of people to look at things, to think about things without particular point of person, means the properties of the thing itself without personal views. Further, objectivism also means the existence of natural and social properties of things (Saunders, 2007; Bryman, 2007). Subjectivism An ontological position that asserts, that entities are created from the perceptions and consequent actions of those social actors responsible for their creation’ (Saunders, 2007: 612). According to Saunders (2007), subjectivism is the consciousness and spirit of people, it is opposed to objectivism. Subjectivism means that people participate in to observe some things, at this time, the nature and social properties and rule of the observed things will vary with different views from different people. Positivism The epistemological position that advocates working with an observable social reality. The emphasis is on highly structured methodology to facilitate replication, and the end product can be law-like generalizations similar to those produced by the physical and natural scientists’ (Saunders, 2007: 606). According to Saunders (2007), positivism is an ontological position, one or the main determinants in research questions research philosophy. Positivis m is attribute with the naturel sciences. It reflects scientific laws by summarize the phenomenon. Interpretivism ‘The epistemological position that advocates the necessity to understand differences between humans in their role as social actors’ (Saunders, 2007: 600). Interpretivism is a philosophical viewpoint formed from human scientific process, mainly common in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Interpretivism is based on idealism, it advocates that human experience of the world is not the passive perception and acceptance on the material world, but takes an initiative to the increase understanding and interpretation. The interpretivist ontological basis of the real world is the human explanation for the different behaviour and condition of the product. In other words it attempts to understand the truth of the real world, which is built the subjective idea of humanity (Schwandt, 1994). Quantitative Approach ‘Take a quantitative approach to addressing their research questions and design a study that involves collecting quantitative data and analyzing them using statistical methods’ (Collis, 2009: 7). According to Bryman (2007), the quantitative approach is a research strategy or process that emphasizes quantification in the collection, analysis and explanation of data. It uses questionnaires to achieve the purpose by set up the research questions and is predetermined. Qualitative Approach The qualitative approach addresses research questions by examining the consciousness and spirit of people (Collis, 2009). The qualitative approach is a research strategy or process that usually emphasizes words rather than quantification in the collection, analysis and explanation of data (Bryman 2007). Qualitative research is likely to lead to a greater range of ethical concerns (Saunders 2007). Interviews are often used to gather reliable and valid information for the research. It is a purposeful discussion between two or more people (Kahn and Cannell, 1957, cited in Saunders 2007). The focus group method is a form of group interview in which: there are several participants, there is an emphasis in the questioning on a particular fairly tightly defined topic; and the accent is upon interaction within the group and the joint construction of meaning (Bryman, 2007: 511) The focused group can be separate into individual interview and group interview (Merton et al. 1956, cited in Bryman 2007). Pragmatic Approach ‘An ontological position that argues that the most important determinant of the research philosophy adopted is the research questions. It applies a practical approach, integrating different perspectives to help collect and interpret data’ (Saunders, 2007: 607). According to Saunders (2007), pragmatic research is a practical approach, it employs the thinking of both the Interpretivism and Positivism. Using both quantitative and qualitative approach, integrating different options to help collect and interpret data. Conclusion Compare with qualitative and quantitative research, I found that using quantitative approach, the aim is to classify features, build statistical models to explain what is observed, and researcher should know specifically what information is looking for and tends to keep objectively during the research. The data collect by use questionnaires, and the quantitative data is more efficient. Different with quantitative approach, for qualitative approach, the aim should be complete and detailed statement, researcher may only know roughly what information is looking and he/she may be subjectively immersed in the research process. The data gathering by use interview or focus group, but the qualitative data may be less able to be generalized. The research project has been decided to review the Apple Inc. development strategy during last 10 years.

1. Definition of Down Syndrome Essay Example For Students

1. Definition of Down Syndrome Essay Down Syndrome, congenital malformation accompanied by moderate to severe mental retardation, and caused by a chromosomal abnormality. The chance of getting Down syndrome is approximately one in 700 births, but the risk varies with the age of the mother. The incidence of Down syndrome in children born to 25-year-old mothers is approximately 1 in 1200; the risk increases to approximately 1 in 120 for women older than 40 years. Prenatal tests like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling can be used to detect the chromosomal abnormality causing Down syndrome. Maternal blood tests can also suggest the presence of a fetus with Down syndrome when levels of alphafetoprotein are lower than usual, or when levels of unconjugated estriol and human chorionic gonadotrophin are abnormal. The chromosomal abnormality which generally causes Down syndrome is trisomy-21, or the presence of three 21st chromosomes. As a result, the affected person has 47 chromosomes in all body cells instead of the normal 46. Scientists assume that the reason for the abnormally is the fertilization of an ovum having 24 chromosomes by a sperm with a normal assortment of 23, but they have also found that the sperm can carry the extra chromosome as well. The abnormal ovum or sperm is derived from a germ cell in which the pair of 21st chromosomes holds together and passes into the same sperm or ovum instead of separating. There are two types of Down Syndrome: translocation and mosaicism. Down syndrome can not yet be treated, but medical care of the disease results in an almost normal life for the persons affected. In the past, many children with Down syndrome were put in institutions. Today, Most children with Down syndrome participate in public-school programs, and most adults with Down syndrome hold jobs of different types in our society. Persons with Down syndrome are often short in stature and have a small, round head with a high, flattened forehead. A typical feature is a fold of skin, the epicanthic fold, on either side of the bridge of the nose.. Such persons are also subject to heart defectsmany of which can be corrected surgicallyand are more likely to develop leukemia than normal people. 2. Life with Down Syndrome 1. The ostracism related to Down Syndrome First of all, even if it sounds very logical, its important to say that Down Syndrome isnt usual; its not something that occurs in everybodys life . A minority of people have this disease, and therefore, were not used to this. Maybe it scares us, maybe it makes us laugh, or maybe it makes us feel sorry. Anyway, we feel uncomfortable in these peoples company. Were not used to confront them in our everyday life ,so it makes it difficult for us to share our lives with them in the same unique society. This is when the phenomenon of ostracism makes its entrance. Here are two major factors to this ostracism: People with Down Syndrome are mentally handicapped, and can therefore not accomplish the same intellectual tasks as normal people. Of course, it depends on how severe the handicap is, but in most of the cases, this is true. So the society does not accept from the intellectual point of view. Persons with Down Syndrome dont look the same way as we do. Sometimes, theyre even physically handicapped. This makes it difficult for them to participate in our physical activities , which sometimes even run our lives. Sports are one of these activities. One can say its a good thing there has been arranged games for these people, but doesnt this attend to separate them even more from our society ?In a way ,it does. I will conclude by saying that its a fact , this ostracism really exists . But isnt it human ? Sometimes one just cannot control their feelings. .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 , .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .postImageUrl , .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 , .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:hover , .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:visited , .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:active { border:0!important; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:active , .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691 .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u163da0b86a484fb745280fe2ab7d7691:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Homeless Essay Its nature, its the way we are .And actually , theres nothing more to it . At least , for the moment .A change of mentality is a long process. The people concerned must in a way accept this, as long as theyre not made fun of or discriminated. And again, as in the issue of racism, tolerance is the key. We cant be asked to like them, but .

Capitalism and Social Responsibility free essay sample

Business is important to a country’s economy because it is its backbone. It is a constant battle for a better means of living. The economy gives individuals jobs and the ability to sustain themselves. 2. What is a private enterprise? What four rights are critical to the operation of capitalism? Why would capitalism function poorly in a society that does not ensure these rights for its citizen? An economic system that rewards firms for their ability to identify and serve the needs and demands of customers, (capitalism). minimizes gov’t interference in economic activity. 4 rights are private property, profits, competition, and freedom of choice  3. In what ways is entrepreneurship vital to the private enterprise system? Entrepreneurs take risks in our private enterprise system;driving economic growth and force current companies to continue to satisfy consumer’s wants. Entrepreneurs often times bring a new product or service to the market(jobs) Entrepreneurs are a main force that propel private enterprise. We will write a custom essay sample on Capitalism and Social Responsibility or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Entrepreneurs possess the desire to start a business despite the risks involved, â€Å"An entrepreneur is someone who sees a potentially profitable opportunity and then devises a plan to achieve success in the marketplace and earn those profits† (Kurtz). The private enterprise system would not function correctly if not for the entrepreneurs that pressure previous companies to compete for customers. Entrepreneurship is also a vital part of the free enterprise system because it creates job opportunities, â€Å"Every year, they create more than one of every five new jobs in the economy. † (Kurtz) The new start up companies also create more jobs by allowing business owners to be self employed. New technology and innovations are often produced by these companies the most in areas that are new and have a low level of competition. Because of their limited resources, small businesses are forced to think of new and cheaper ways to do things, â€Å"Often, they do this because they have to—they may not have enough money to build an expensive prototype or launch a nationwide ad campaign. † (Kurtz)Due to their small size, these companies are able to adapt quicker and easier than a big company. 4. Define partnership and strategic alliance. How might a motorcycle dealer and a local radio station benefit from an alliance? Partnership-association of two or more persons who operate a business as co-owners by voluntary legal agreement. Strategic alliance partnership formed to create a competitive advantage for the businesses involved. 5. What do the terms business ethics and social responsibility mean? Why are they important components of a firm’s overall philosophy in conducting business? Business ethics are the standards of conduct and moral values governing actions and decisions in the work environment. Social responsibility is the enhancement of societies welfare through philosophies, policies, procedures and actions. It is crucial for businesses to gain the trust of consumers. Business ethics are essential if a business wants to grow and succeed. Ethics are important because they are â€Å"the standards of conduct and moral values governing actions and decisions in the work environment. † (Kurtz). These decisions have an impact on the environment, employees, and customers. Social responsibility supports the welfare of a society by promoting ethical philosophies, policies, procedures, and actions. In an ethical business decision, â€Å"businesses must find the delicate balance between doing what is right and doing what is profitable. † (Kurtz). Everybody involved with the business should benefit. Usually, businesses go about ethics and social responsibility in three ways. They do this by embracing traditional corporate philanthropy, anticipating and managing risks, and spotting opportunities that profit and benefit the society. 6. In what ways do firms demonstrate their social responsibility? By providing equal employment opportunities, respecting the cultural diversity of employees, responding to environmental concerns, providing a safe and healthy workplace, and producing high quality products that are safe to use. 7. What are the five major areas in which companies have responsibilities to their employees? What types of changes in society are now affecting these responsibilities? The 5 major areas in which companies have responsibilities to their employees are; workplace safety, quality-of-life issues, ensuring equal opportunity on the job, avoiding age description, and preventing sexual harassment and sexism. 8. How does a company demonstrate its responsibility to investors and the financial community? A company demonstrates its responsibility to investors and the financial community by announcing information to the public, rather than first to selected major investors. The SEC rule of â€Å"fair disclosure† levels the playing field for all the shareholders. 9. How does microeconomics affect business? How does macroeconomics affect business? Why is it important for business people to understand the fundamentals of each? Microeconomics is the study of individual consumers, families, and businesses. Small decisions made by individuals such as deciding what shampoo to buy or what car you want has a huge effect on businesses. Macroeconomics is the study of a country’s general economy. Laws made by the government can help or hurt what a business is doing. Even laws passed in other countries can have a ripple effect on international transactions. It is important for business people to understand these terms because they shape everyday decisions that are made. 10. What are the four stages of the business cycle? In which stage do you believe the U. S. economy is now? Why? The four stages of the business cycle are prosperity, recession, depression, and recovery. A recession is a contraction that last longer than six months in which consumers stray away from frivolous spending. Businesses also make changes by slowing production and making cuts in the workforce. If a recession continues a country will fall into a depression. In a depression, the spending habits of consumers and businesses that were taking place in the recession become commonplace. Food and necessities are difficult to get and jobs are hard to come by. The recovery phase is entered when consumers start to spend more money again. As consumers give more money to businesses, the businesses in term hire more employees. Both benefit the economy greatly. I think that the U. S. is in the recovery phase because i have noticed more frivolous spending in the last few years. People are vacationing again and spending there money on things they don’t necessarily need.

Definition and Examples of Agents in English Grammar

Definition and Examples of Agents in English Grammar In  contemporary  English grammar, the agent is the noun phrase or pronoun that identifies the person or thing which  initiates or performs an action in a sentence. Adjective:  agentive. Also called actor. In a sentence in the active voice, the agent is usually (but not always) the subject (Omar selected the winners). In a sentence in the passive voice, the agent- if identified at all- is usually the object of the  preposition  by (The winners were selected by Omar).The relationship of the subject and verb is called agency. The person or thing that receives an action in a sentence is called the recipient or patient (roughly equivalent to the traditional concept of object). Etymology From the Latin agere, to set in motion, drive forward;  to do Example and Observations Broadly the term [agent] can be used in relation to both transitive and intransitive verbs. . . . Thus the old lady is the agent both in The old lady swallowed a fly  (which can be described in terms of actor-action-goal), and in The fly was swallowed by the old lady. The term can also be applied to the subject of an intransitive verb (e.g. Little Tommy Tucker sings for his supper).The term clearly makes more sense when restricted to a doer who, in a real sense, initiates an action, than when applied to the subject of some mental process verb (e.g. She didnt like it) or of a verb of being (e.g. She was old). Some analysts, therefore, restrict the term, and would not apply it to the noun phrase the old lady if her action was unintentional and involuntary.(Bas Aarts, Sylvia Chalker, and Edmund Weiner,  The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2014)   The Semantic Roles of Agents and Patients Though semantic roles influence the grammar profoundly, they are not primarily grammatical categories. . . . [F]or example, if in some imagined world (which may or may not correspond to objective reality), someone named Waldo paints a barn, then Waldo is acting as the AGENT (the initiator and controller) and the barn is the PATIENT (the affected participant) of the painting event, regardless of whether any observer ever utters a clause like Waldo painted the barn to describe that event.(Thomas E. Payne, Understanding English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 2011) Subject and Agents Sentences in which the grammatical subject is not the agent are common. For instance, in the following examples the subjects are not agents because the verbs do not describe an action: My son has a very good memory for songs; This lecture was a bit special; It belongs to her mum and dad.(Michael Pearce, The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Routledge, 2007) Some weasel took the cork out of my lunch.(W. C. Fields, You Cant Cheat an Honest Man, 1939)Man serves the interests of no creature except himself.(George Orwell, Animal Farm, 1945)I write entirely to find out what Im thinking, what Im looking at, what I see and what it means.(Joan Didion, Why I Write. The New York Times Book Review, December 6, 1976)Mr. Slump hit the horses twice with a willow branch.(Grace Stone Coates, Wild Plums. Frontier, 1929)Henry Dobbins, who was  a big man, carried extra rations; he was especially fond of canned peaches in heavy syrup over pound cake.(Tim OBrien, The Things They Carried.  Houghton Mifflin,  1990)When I was two years old my father took me  down to the beach in New Jersey, carried me into the surf until the waves were crashing onto his chest, and then threw me in like a dog, to see, I suppose, whether I would sink or float.(Pam Houston,  Waltzing the Cat.  Norton, 1997)  Early in the  20th century,  parasols of lace lined   with chiffon or silk, or in chiffon and moirà © silk often matching the dress, with exquisite handles of gold, silver, carved ivory or wood with jeweled knobs, were carried by women.(Joan Nunn,  Fashion in Costume, 1200-2000, 2nd ed. New Amsterdam Books, 2000)   Walter was kicked by a mule. The Invisible Agent in Passive Constructions In many situations, . . . the purpose of the passive is simply to avoid mentioning the agent:It was reported today that the federal funds to be allocated for the power plant would not be forthcoming as early as had been anticipated. Some contracts on the preliminary work have been canceled and others renegotiated.Such officialese or bureaucratese takes on a nonhuman quality because the agent role has completely disappeared from the sentences. In the foregoing example, the reader does not know who is reporting, allocating, anticipating, canceling, or renegotiating.   (Martha Kolln and Robert Funk, Understanding English Grammar. Allyn and Bacon, 1998)The function served by a passive- that of defocusing an agent  (Shibatani 1985)- is useful in a variety of circumstances. The agents identity my be unknown, irrelevant, or best concealed (as when Floyd merely says The glass was broken). Often the agent is generalized or undifferentiated (e.g. The environment is being seriously degraded ). Whatever the reason, defocusing the agent leaves the theme as the only, and thus the primary, focal participant. (Ronald W. Langacker, Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2008) Pronunciation: A-jent

Weapons of Mass Destruction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Weapons of Mass Destruction - Research Paper Example encompasses activities, agencies, authorities and resources required to respond once it is recognized that Anthrax has been released as a result of terrorist activities. A. Immediate contact and consultation with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Relevant samples of identified Bacillus anthracis will be isolated and prepared for evaluation to determine strain and potential lethality in coordination with CDC officials. E. Cleaning and disinfection of medical equipment will be considered and coordinated using the Principles of Standard Precautions guidelines. Immediate procurement of germicidal agents should be coordinated with relevant supply chain vendors and through consultation with local and state government actors. F. Pathology departments and laboratories providing clinical services must be informed of the relevant infectious dangers of post-mortem services, inclusive of procurement of eye protection instruments and masks. B. Coordination with the Food and Drug Administration to receive approvals to procure Anthrax vaccinations under the Emergency Use Authorization legislation for victims 18 and older. For children, approvals generated by the FDA under the Investigational New Drug protocol. A. Local law enforcement officers will maintain responsibility for coordinating isolation procedures, establishing barricades which prevent access into and outside of Anchorage during the disaster period. B. State authorities will declare a state of emergency, temporarily halting operations of the city public transit services, the Alaska railroad, and the Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport. Coordination with the Department of Homeland Security will ensure that air traffic is properly re-routed and all waterway transport re-directed to other non-affected ports of call. A. Assign relevant health personnel to provide routine medical exams for injured responders or those illustrating symptoms of Anthrax exposure, consisting of

Film Clip Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Film Clip - Movie Review Example In the latter part of the clip, the sounds from the set gets more and more clearer. Noises from the outside of Uncle Jean's room can be deciphered by anyone. The sound of the voices in the other rooms, the noise of dishes clanging to the unexplainable sounds emerging from Uncle Jean's radio. The makers of this film wanted it to be more realistic, so they opted to choose the natural sounds coming from the set itself instead of using sound effects and dubbing the characters' voices. None, absolutely none of the sounds in the whole of the film was altered, omitted nor edited. The director captured the heart of the film by doing so. Employing sound effects would make an impression of the film as unrealistic, commercial or will make it seem as if it was overdone. If the viewer listens very thoroughly to all of the film's sounds, even the slightest and the most unimportant of those, he will get a feel of what it is like to be in that hospital room with the beautiful Carmen and her eccentric Uncle Jean. Style / Mis-en-scene/Editing/Plot The 5-minute French film clip, when initially judged by a viewer, looks like a film made in the late 1980's or the early 1990's, the hairstyle of one of the two characters. The quality of the picture states out the hint that the film was probably shot in the 1970's. Other than that, one can not interpret when the movie was made. The style of the scene location is undeniably bleak, it was obviously shot wholly in the hospital room of Carmen's Uncle Jean. The color of the hospital room even adds to the gloom of the purely conversational and poignant film. It looks like a working class hospital in France because of the way his room looks, it doesn't look dirty and shabby, and neither does it look clean and hygienic. Well, it is not that important to dwell on those aspects of the film. Humans express themselves and their emotions in a variety of modes. Whether it be actions, words, pictures, speeches and the like. Each and every one of these modes may be branded as a "language" (mode of expression and communication). In the film, the characters expressed themselves very clearly, from their gestures to their facial expressions. Uncle John is obviously depressed and bored with his situation, so the visit of his niece Carmen felt like utter relief from him, a refuge from his boredom. In his dialogue, he is confusingly reluctant to grant his niece's request to borrow his apartment unit in Trouville. On the set, the lighting did an almost perfect job in blending with the overall ambience of the hospital room, there was barely any light other than sunlight outside the room. Most probably, the scene was morning, so the overall appearance of the room contrasted with the lightness, eagerness and the joyful atmosphere of the morning. The conversation between the two is not movie-like. It was realistically executed and delivered by the characters as if they were really their characters, as if they weren't

Supply Chain Management in Tehindo Tea Manufacturing Company Case Study

Supply Chain Management in Tehindo Tea Manufacturing Company - Case Study Example The company has implemented a vertical integration model where a company within the Tehindo Corporate Organization supplies tea leaves, one of the main raw materials of producing their products especially the fruity tea. The company has big parts of land, which they grow tea thus supplying over eleven sale centers with various sales offices in Indonesia. Integrating the supplier’s actions on its own has become unachievable by several companies given the need for the company to minimize inventories and be able to deliver customers’ demands on time. This has been very helpful to the company since they have been able to concentrate more on the production and distribution sections of the company. The other responsibility of the manufacturers is ensuring that the products are safe at the design stage, where they can eliminate the hazards and any potential misuse in this stage. On the other hand, the manufacturer receives the raw materials from the suppliers and produces good s as per the market segment and those products that will satisfy the consumer needs. In addition, the manufacturers sometimes when they sell their goods direct to the consumers that they tend to control the prices of their products. The manufacturer also receives information from the distributors, wholesalers, and retailers about the products sales thus it becomes helpful in forecasting or making a decision of which product to invest more.The company has implemented a vertical integration model where a company within the Tehindo Corporate Organization supplies tea leaves